Engineers commonly used interface

The complete definition of the interface is that the entity provides an abstraction provided to the outside world to separate external communication methods by internal operations so that they can be modified internally without affecting the way other entities in the world interact with them, Multiple abstractions provided by design.

Complex feeling, in fact, the interface is an indirect means, so compared to direct communication, will lead to some additional burden. There are hardware interface and software interface in electronic products: computer and other information interface between the hardware components called hardware interface; computer and other information interface between the software components called software interface. Here to introduce this hardware interface:

Hardware interface are:

IDE

IDE’s English full name is “Integrated Drive Electronics”, or “electronic integrated drive,” its original meaning is the “hard disk controller” and “disk” integrated hard drive.

Integrating the body with the controller reduces the number and length of cables in the hard disk interface and increases the reliability of data transfer making it easier to make hard drives because hard disk manufacturers do not need to worry about whether their hard drives are Compatible with controllers from other manufacturers.

For users, the hard disk is also more convenient to install. IDE interface technology has been developing since its birth, performance continues to improve, with its low-cost, compatible features, created for other types of hard drives irreplaceable status.

IDE represents a type of hard disk, but in practical applications, people are accustomed to using the IDE to call the earliest IDE type hard disk ATA-1, this type of interface with the interface technology has been eliminated, and its After the development of branching out more types of hard disk interface, such as ATA, Ultra ATA, DMA, Ultra DMA and other interfaces are IDE hard disk.

SCSI

The full English name for SCSI is Small Computer System Interface. It is a completely different IDE (ATA) interface. The IDE is a standard PC interface. SCSI is not an interface designed specifically for hard disks. A widely used high-speed data transfer technology on minicomputers. SCSI interface with a wide range of applications, multi-tasking, bandwidth, low CPU utilization, and hot-swappable advantages, but the higher the price makes it difficult to popularize IDE hard drives, SCSI hard drives are mainly used in medium and high-end servers And high-end workstations.

Fiber Channel

Fiber Channel spelling is Fiber Channel, and the same SCSI interface Fiber Channel was originally designed for hard disk interface technology is designed specifically for network systems, but with the storage system speed requirements, and gradually applied to the hard disk system in. Fiber Channel drives were developed to increase the speed and flexibility of multi-drive storage systems, and their adventures have dramatically increased the speed of multi-drive communication. Fiber Channel’s main features are: hot-swappable, high-speed bandwidth, remote connections, connecting a large number of devices.

Fiber Channel is designed for multi-drive system environments such as servers, enabling high-end workstations, servers, mass storage subnets, and peripherals to communicate bi-directional and serial data via hubs, switches, and point- Transfer rate requirements.

SATA

The use of SATA (Serial ATA) port hard drive, also known as serial hard drive, is the future trend of PC hard drives. In 2001, the Serial ATA 1.0 specification, composed of Intel, APT, Dell, IBM, Seagate and Maxtor, formally established the Serial ATA 1.0 specification. In 2002, Serial ATA devices were not officially released yet, but Serial The ATA board has taken the lead in establishing the Serial ATA 2.0 specification. Serial ATA serial connection, serial ATA bus using embedded clock signals, with a stronger error correction capability, compared with the past, the biggest difference lies in the transmission command (not just data) to be checked if Found errors will be automatically corrected, which greatly improves the reliability of data transmission. Serial interface also has the advantages of simple structure, support for hot-swappable. Serial hard disk is a completely different from the new hard disk parallel ATA interface type, due to the use of serial data transfer and well-known. Compared with parallel ATA, it has a lot of advantages. First of all, Serial ATA transmits data serially, only transmitting 1 bit at a time. This will reduce the number of pins on the SATA interface, making the number of connecting cables smaller and more efficient.

RAID card

Of course, IDE RAID also has its drawbacks, such as the CPU utilization and the number of connected devices can not be compared with SCSI RAID at the same time, IDE RAID so far only supports RAID0, RAID1 and RAID0 +1, and performance than SCSI RAID Slightly inferior, so high-performance computer applications or SCSI RAID-based. SATA RAID is a newly born RAID method. Similar to IDE RAID, the biggest advantage is low cost. In other respects, RAID is also close to IDE RAID.

Refers to the hard disk interface supported by the RAID card, there are three main types: IDE interface, SCSI interface and SATA interface.

RAID technology is based on the advent of the SCSI interface, because of its high cost, so mainly for high-end servers such as applications. Ordinary users simply do not have to have RAID. With the popularity of the computer, which led to the PC computer’s unprecedented prosperity. Accordingly, driven by the market, the prices of IDE interface devices for PC computers have dropped drastically, while their performance has dramatically increased. In view of this, RAID technology began to migrate to the IDE interface, the introduction of IDE-based RAID applications, known as IDE RAID. SCSI-based RAID applications are referred to as SCSI RAIDs accordingly. Compared with SCSI RAID, IDE RAID has a very low price, and no less than the performance, the corresponding IDE RAID solution has SCSI RAID unmatched cost-effective. IDE RAID since its introduction, by the average PC users and general business applications are generally welcome.

MD equipment

MD equipment interface (Hong Kong and Taiwan called port) refers to the MD (Mini Disc) products have which input and output interfaces. First of all, as the MD products, the output interface of the headset is naturally necessary. In addition to the basic headphone output, the recordable product should also have a line-in connector so that the MD can be connected to other playback devices and the played audio can be input to the MD and recorded to the MD. The NetMD product should also have a USB port so that it can be connected to a computer so that files can be transferred. Some products also have a microphone interface, you can record the external sound through the MD.

USB interface

Is a technology developed for transferring data between a PC and a digital device. Standard USB, Mini USB (typical application: MP3), Micro USB (typical application: Android smart phone) become the most common USB interface. Is widely used in information and communication products such as personal computers and mobile devices, and extends to other related fields such as photographic equipment, digital television (set-top boxes) and game consoles. USB has evolved from USB 1.0 to the latest USB 3.1. USB 3.1: Transmission speed of 10Gbit / s, three-phase voltage 5V / 12V / 20V, the maximum power supply 100W, the new Type-C plug-in is no longer divided into positive and negative.

USB Type-C interface

Type-C double-sided plug-in interface biggest feature is to support the USB interface, double-sided insert, formally solved the “USB will never be allowed to” the world’s problems, both positive and negative plug. At the same time with its supporting the use of USB data lines must also be more detailed and more portable, do Type-C PD chip manufacturers: Microchip, Cypress, NXP, ROHM, technology semiconductor, Power Integrations and so on.

The following is a common interface:

Infrared interface: is a cheap, close, no connection, low power consumption and confidentiality of communication solutions, mainly used in PC-based wireless data transmission, but now has gradually begun in the wireless network access and Near home appliances remote control applications. In view of the many benefits of infrared communication, today’s motherboards almost all provide infrared interfaces so that users can use it to communicate with devices with infrared interfaces such as laptops, printers, modems, PDAs, mobile phones and more. However, the computer motherboard provides only the infrared interface, does not provide a complete transmit and receive devices, so users want to use infrared communication, you still need to buy infrared connector.

DB Interface: D-type data interface, used to connect electronic devices (such as: computer and peripherals) interface standard. Due to the shape similar to the English letter D, it is named D-type interface.

PCI Interface: It is currently the most widely used personal computer interface, almost all of the motherboard products with this slot. The PCI slot is also the motherboard with the largest number of slot types, the ATX motherboard in the current popular desktop motherboard generally with 5 to 6 PCI slots, and the smaller MATX motherboard also has 2 ~ 3 PCI slots, we can see its wide range of applications.

Serial Interface: Serial Interface (Serial Port), also known as “serial port”, also known as serial communication interface (usually referred to as COM interface), is an extension of the serial communication interface. Common RS-232 (25- or 9-pin connectors) for general computer applications and half-duplex RS-485 and full-duplex RS-422 for industrial computer applications.

RS-232 is now one of the mainstream serial communication interfaces. The RS-422 interface, the standard full name is “balanced voltage digital interface circuit electrical characteristics”, which defines the interface circuit characteristics. The typical RS-422 is a four-wire interface. There is actually a signal ground, a total of 5 lines. Its DB9 connector pin definition. RS-485 interface is based on the RS-422 developed from, so many of RS-485 electrical regulations and RS-422 similar.

PS / 2 connector: The PS / 2 connector is a 6-pin circular connector with two pins that are free. PS / 2 is one of the common interfaces on earlier computers for devices such as mice and keyboards. Under normal circumstances, the mouse PS / 2 interface is green, the keyboard is purple. The PS / 2 interface is the input device interface, not the transmission interface. So PS2 port has no concept of transfer rate, only the scan rate.

Dock Interface (Typical Applications: Apple Series): Dock interface with 9pin and 30pin. Apple started using the 30pin Dock Dock from its iPod 10 years ago, and almost all data synchronization and peripherals rely on it. Since the launch of Apple’s iPhone 5 launch 9 Pin Lightning Dock interface, the new interface standard release, but also means that Apple’s use of up to 9 years, 30-pin Dock interface will be officially replaced.

RJ11 connector (typical application: phone): A typical VoIP phone provides two RJ-11 connectors. One RJ-11 connector connects the telephone line to the HomePNA switch and the other RJ-11 connector connects to the telephone.

RJ45 Interface (Typical Application: Network Cable): The RJ45 interface is usually used for data transmission. The most common application is the network interface card.

RF interface (TV interface): TV interface, also known as RF input interface, antenna and analog CCTV is the use of radio frequency (RF) interface. As the most common video connection,

It can transmit analog video and audio signals simultaneously. RF interface is transmitted video and audio mixed encoded signal, the display device circuitry will be a mixture of coded signal separation, decoding the output image. Due to the need for video and audio mixed coding, the signal will interfere with each other, so its quality output quality is the worst of all interfaces. Cable and satellite television receivers are also commonly used RF connections, but in this case they transmit digital signals.

AV interface: AV interface to separate the video and audio transmission, thus avoiding the mutual interference of audio and video. However, due to the video transmission also need to decode the brightness and color display, so there is a loss of video transmission, so the basic high-definition video playback have given up the AV interface.

DIN connector: The S terminal is also called the mini-DIN connector in some projector manufacturers’ names only. It contains 4-core (without audio output), 5-core, 6-core, 7-core, 8-core, 9-core 6-channel signal output) and other different products are used on the projector.

VGA connector: The VGA terminal V (other names include the RGB terminal, D-sub 15, or mini D15) on the notebook is a 3-row, 15-pin DE-15. VGA terminals are usually on the computer’s display card, monitor and other devices. Is used to send analog signals.

DVI Interface: Digital Video Interface, that is, digital video interface. A high-speed digital signal technology invented by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG), established at the Intel Developer Forum in September 1998, includes DVI-A, DVI-D and DVI-I Different kinds of interface form. DVI-D only digital interface, DVI-I digital and analog interface, the current main application to DVI-i (24 +5).

HDMI Interface: High-Definition Multimedia Interface is a digital video / audio interface technology that is a dedicated digital interface for video transmission that delivers both audio and video signals at a maximum data transfer rate of 2.25GB / s.

BNC interface: BNC, the full name is Bayonet Nut Connector (bayonet nut connector, the name vividly describes the shape of this connector), also known as the British Naval Connector (British navy connector may be the first British navy to use this connector) Or Bayonet Neill Conselman (Neill Conselman bayonet, invented by a man named Neill Conselman).

RCA analog audio: RCA connector is often said that the lotus head, the use of RCA cable analog signal transmission is the most common audio connection. Each RCA cable is responsible for transmitting one-channel audio signals, so stereo signals require a pair of cables. For multi-channel systems, it is necessary to match the actual number of channels with the same number of cables. Stereo RCA audio interface, the general right channel marked with red, the left channel is marked with blue or white.

S / PDIF Interface: S / PDIF stands for Sony / Philips Digital Interconnect Format, a civil digital audio interface protocol developed by Sony and Philips. As it is widely used, it becomes the de facto standard for civil digital audio formats. A large number of consumer audio digital products such as commercial CD players, DATs, MD players and computer sound card digital ports all support S / PDIF. On many professional equipment There is also the standard interface.

XLR connector: XLR commonly known as XLR head, a three-pin plug and locking device. The XLR connection is fairly secure thanks to the locking mechanism. Large three-core interface is the use of 6.35 mm diameter plug, the advantage of wear-resistant, suitable for repeated plug. Balanced analog audio connections mainly appear on advanced analogue audio equipment or professional audio equipment.

SM card interface: SM card full name Smart Media, Toshiba Toshiba launched in 1995, SM card itself has no control circuit so smaller, many older cameras are using SM memory card, because of its control circuit design in digital devices , So compatibility issues highlighted. Gradually be eliminated.

MMC Card Interface: The full name of MultiMedia Card, introduced by SanDisk and Siemens in 1997, can be seen in all kinds of portable devices. Following the upgraded version of RS-MMC (Reduced Size MMC), MMC Micro Card (Samsung standard, 10 PIN pins, their own use) and so on. It is said that there are High-Speed ​​MMC, MMCplus and MMCMobile.

SD card interface: D card full name Secure Digital Memory Card, by Japan’s Toshiba Toshiba, Panasonic and SanDisk Corporation in the United States launched in 1999. With high capacity, high data transfer rate and write protection. Pin 9PIN. SD card specification developed by the MMC, the size and MMC almost SD card and MMC card to maintain upward compatibility, SD card to retain the MMC pin 7-pin, the other expansion of 2-pin data cable. SD card also has two kinds of low speed and high speed. High-speed SD card, also known as SDHC, the current SD card SD are basically 4G.

XD card interface: D card full name XD-Picture Card, XD or Extreme Digital short name, jointly launched by Fuji and Olympus, designed for digital cameras, single 18PIN pin, XD card theoretical maximum capacity of up to 8GB , With great room for expansion. XD cards seen on the market today have different capacity specifications such as 16/32/64/128 / 256MB.